![]() ![]() Such efforts will produce mango that can be grown in intensive, high-density orchards that produce more fruit per hectare 7. Consequently, a quest to breed smaller, less vigorous trees while maintaining high yields of quality fruit is underway 5, 6. To avoid the adverse effects of tree size, trees are traditionally planted at low density and heavily pruned each year 4, leading to a reduction in overall production per hectare and an increased cost per unit output. This generates shade, providing a breeding ground for disease 4. ![]() Tropical species, such as mango, are often large and vigorous 3, leading to canopies that rapidly outgrow their orchard space. ![]() To create new tree fruit cultivars with improved productivity and quality, we must develop breeding technologies that overcome biological limitations to their production. Tree crops can be more sustainably cultivated over time than annual field crops, thus helping to manage food supply for an increasing world population 2. Horticultural tree crops are vital for sustainable food production 1 and ornamental and industrial use. Incorporating such genetic structure in associations between genotype and phenotype can improve the accuracy of genomic selection, which can assist the future development of new cultivars. This suggests that the history of these accessions could drive spurious associations between loci and key mango phenotypes in the Australian mango gene pool. We find that genetic structure was strongly associated with three traits: trunk circumference, fruit blush colour and intensity in M. Multiple population genetic analyses indicate the presence of four genetic clusters and show that the most genetically differentiated cluster contains accessions imported from Southeast Asia (mainly those from Thailand). Here, we employed 272 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 208 Mangifera indica accessions to explore whether the genetic structure of the Australian mango gene pool explained variation in trunk circumference, fruit blush colour and intensity. Genetic structure can therefore reduce the accuracy of the genotype to phenotype map, a fundamental requirement of genomic selection models. However, factors such as genetic structure can create spurious associations between genotype and phenotype due to the shared history between populations with different trait values. Genomic selection is a promising breeding technique for tree crops to accelerate the development of new cultivars. ![]()
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